Chemical Test of cement IS : 4032 – 1985

      Clause 1. 4.1.15 Part -1

1.    Standard EDTA Solution — 0.01 M. Dissolve 3.7224 g of disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate dihydrate in 400 ml hot water and make up the volume in one-litre flask. Take 10 ml of standard zinc solution in an Erlenmeyer flask. Add 20 ml buffer solution of pH 10 and warm to 50 to 60°C. Add 50 mg Eriochrome Black-T indicator and titrate with EDTA till the colour changes from wine red to clear blue. Note the volume of EDTA used ( V ). Calculate the molarity of EDTA as follows:

2. Heat of Ignition

2.      Heat 1.00 g of the sample for 15 minutes in a weighed and covered platinum crucible (a porcelain crucible may also be used) of 20 to 25 ml capacity by placing it in a muffle furnace at temperature between 900° and 1000°C; cool and weigh. Check the loss in weight by a second heating for 5 minutes and re-weigh. Record the loss in weight as the loss on ignition

             Calculate the percent loss on ignition as below:

             Percent loss on ignition = loss in weight × 100

Test on cement

 Physical Tests on Cement

a) Soundness Test: It is led by strainer investigation. 100 gms of concrete is taken and sieved through IS sifter No. 9 for fifteen minutes. Buildup on the sifter is gauged. This ought not surpass 10% by weight of test taken. 

(b) Setting Time: Initial setting time and last setting time are the two significant physical poperties of concrete. Beginning setting time is the time taken by the concrete from adding of water to the beginning of losing its pliancy. Last setting time is the time passed from adding of the water to finish loss of versatility. Vicat device is utilized for finding the setting times fig 

Vicat contraption comprises of a portable bar to which any of the three needles appeared in figure can be appended. A pointer is joined to the versatile pole. A vicat shape is related with this contraption which is as part chamber. Prior to discovering beginning and last setting time it is important to decide water to be added to get standard consistency. For this 300 gms of concrete is blended in with about 30% water and concrete glue arranged is filled in the shape which lays on non permeable plate. The unclogger is joined to the mobile pole of vicat device and tenderly brought down to contact the glue in the shape. At that point the unclogger is permitted to move uninhibitedly. On the off chance that the entrance is 5 mm to 7 mm from the lower part of the form, at that point concrete is having standard consistency. If not, try is rehashed with various extent of water fill water needed for standard consistency is found. At that point the tests for introductory and last setting times can be done as clarified underneath: 

Intial Setting Time: 300 gms of concrete is altogether blended in with 0.85 occasions the water for standard consistency and vicat shape is totally filled and top surface is leveled. 1 mm square needle is fixed to the pole and delicately positioned over the glue. At that point it is openly permitted to infiltrate. In the first place the needle infiltrates the glue totally. As time slips by the glue begin losing its pliancy and offers protection from entrance. At the point when needle can infiltrate up to 5 to 7 mm above lower part of the glue analyze is halted and time passed between the expansion of water and end if the analysis is noted as beginning setting time. 

Final Setting Time. The square needle is supplanted with annular collar. Trial is proceeded by permitting this needle to uninhibitedly move after delicately contacting the outside of the glue. Time slipped by between the expansion of water and the sign of needle yet not of annular ring is found on the glue. This time is noted as conclusive setting time. 

c) Soundness Test: This test is led to discover free lime in concrete, which isn't alluring. Le Chatelier device appeared in Fig. 1.6 is utilized for leading this test. It comprises of a split metal form of width 30 mm and tallness 30 mm. On one or the other side of the split, there are two markers, with pointed finishes. The closures of pointers are 165 mm from the focal point of the mould.Properly oiled Le Chatelier form is put on a glass plate and is filled totally with a concrete glue having 0.78 occasions the water needed for standard consistency. 

It is then covered with another glass plate and a little weight is set over it. At that point the entire get together is held submerged for 24 hours. The temperature of water ought to be somewhere in the range of 24°C and 50°C. Note the distance between the pointer. At that point place the shape again in the water and warmth the get together with the end goal that water arrives at the limit shortly. Heat up the water for 60 minutes. The shape is taken out from water and permitted to cool. The distance between the two pointers is estimated. The contrast between the two readings demonstrate the development of the concrete because of the presence of unburnt lime. This worth ought not surpass 10 mm. 

(d) Crushing Strength Test: For this 200 gm of concrete is blended in with 600 gm of standard sand affirming to IS 650–1966. Subsequent to blending completely in dry condition briefly refined consumable water P/4+ 3 rate is added where P is the water needed for the standard consistency. They are blended in with scoop for 3 to 4 minutes to get uniform combination. The blend is set in a solid shape form of 70.6 mm size (Area 5000 mm2) kept on a steel plate and pushed with 25 mm standard steel bar multiple times inside 8 seconds. At that point the form is set on a standard vibrating table that vibrates at a speed of 12000 ± 400 vibration for every moment. A container is made sure about at the top and the excess mortar is filled. The form is vibrated for two minutes and container eliminated. The top is done with a blade or with a scoop and leveled. Following 24 ± 1 hour shape is taken out and block is set under clean water for relieving. After determined period shapes are tried in pressure testing machine, keeping the example on its level edges. Normal of three 3D squares is accounted for as pulverizing strength. The compressive strength toward the finish of 3 days ought not be under 11.5 N/mm2 and that toward the finish of 7 days at least 17.5 N/mm2.

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SOUNDNESS Test OF CEMENT

 SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT

(IS 269-1989 & IS 4031-1988 PART 3)

AIM:   To determine the soundness of the given sample of cement by "Le Chatelier" Method.

 APPARATUS: Le Chatelier apparatus conforming to IS 5514-1969, Balance, Weights, Water bath.

 INTRODUCTION:

It is fundamental that the concrete, cement will not go through an obvious change in volume in the time of setting. This is guaranteed by restricting the amounts of free lime, magnesia and sulfates in concrete which are the reasons for the adjustment in a volume known as unsoundness in cement don't come to the surface for an extended timeframe. This test is intended to quicken the slaking cycle by the utilization of warmth and finding the imperfections in a brief timeframe.

PROCEDURE:

1.        Spot the delicately oiled shape on a gently oiled glass sheet and fill it with cement paste framed by weighing cement with 0.78 times the water needed to give a paste of standard consistency. 

2.         The glue will be checked in the way and under the conditions recommended in the assurance of consistency of standard cement paste, taking consideration to keep the edges of the shape tenderly together. 

3.       While this activity is being performed spread the form with another sample of the glass sheet, place a little weight on this covering glass sheet and quickly lower the entire get together in the water at a temperature of 27 0 - 20 C and keep there for 24 hours. 

4.         Measure the distance separating the indicator points. 

5.         Lower the moulds again in the water at the temperature endorsed previously.

6.       Carry the water to boiling, with the mould kept lowered for 25 to 30 minutes, and keep it boiling for three hours

7.     Eliminate the mould from the water permit it to cool and gauge the separation between the pointers  

8.         The difference between these two measurements represent the expansion of the cement.

9.         For good quality cement this expansion should not be more than 10mm.

  OBSERVATIONS:

 The initial length in mm    =

 Final length in mm   =

 Expansion in mm = final length - initial length  =

 RESULT: Expansion in ---------------------mm

 

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

                                                    SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

(IS: 269 -1989 & IS: 4031-1988)

AIM: To determine the specific gravity of given sample of hydraulic cement.

 APPARATUS:  Physical balances, specific gravity bottle of 50ml capacity, clean kerosene.

 INTRODUCTION:

 specific gravity is characterized as the proportion between weight of a given volume of material and weight of an equivalent volume of water. To decide the specific gravity of cement, kerosene is utilized which doesn't respond with cement.

PROCEDURE:

1.  First clean with water the specific gravity bottle and weigh it with the stopper (W1).

2. Fill the specific gravity bottle with cement sample at any rate half of the container and gauge with plug (W2).

3..Now put the cement, kerosene in the bottle and pack with stopper and weight it  (W3)

4. No air bubble should remain in the bottle, totally remove all bubble

5.  When weighing is complete, dry the bottle and weight the empty

6.  Now fill with again fresh kerosene and tight the stopper (W4).

7.  Remove the kerosene from the bottle and fill it full of water and weigh it with stopper (W5).

8.  Maintain the room temperature during the whole test to get proper results.

 OBSERVATIONS:                                 

Description of item	Trial 1	Trial2	Trail3
Weight of empty bottle  (W1) g
Weight of bottle + Cement  (W2) g
Weight of bottle + Cement + Kerosene W3 g
Weight of bottle + Full Kerosene  (W4) g
Weight of bottle + Full Water  (W5) g

 Specific gravity of Kerosene “Sk” = (W4 - W1 / W5 - W1)

Specific gravity of Cement Sc = W2 - W1 / ((W4 - W1)-(W3-W2))*Sk

Sc = (W2 - W1)* (W4 - W1) / ((W4 - W1)-(W3-W2))*(W5 - W1)

Precautionary measure: 

1. Just kerosene which is freed from the water will be used. 

2. At the hour of measuring the temperature of the mechanical assembly won't be allowed to outperform the foreordained temperature. 

3. All air bubbles will be killed in filling the mechanical assembly and embeddings the plug. 

4. Weighing will be done quickly ensuing to filling the mechanical assembly and will be careful to 0.1 mg.

RESULT: Average specific gravity of a given sample of cement =

 

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INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIMES OF CEMENT

 

INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIMES OF CEMENT

(IS: 269- 1989 and IS: 4031- 1988 part 5)

 

AIM:  To determine the initial and final setting times for the given sample of cement.

 

APPARATUS:

 Vicat apparatus (conforming to IS: 5513-1976) with attachments, balance, weights, gauging trowel.

 

INTRODUCTION:

In the construction industry work, we all deal with concrete, mortar it requires time to mix, transport, and place. In this time cement is in property of the plastic state and known as setting time. The initial setting time is defined as when the cement starts to set in his position i.e the moment that water added to the cement and time it's losing its plasticity. Now the final setting time defines as when the cement get starts Harding means it starts taking some external force when it is placed in mould. The initial setting time for cement is 30minutes and for the final setting time, it is about 10 hrs after placing cement in mould.          

PROCEDURE:

Preparation of Test Block:

1.      Take a fresh cement to weigh it 300gm in the pan. and with cement weight 0.85 times the water required. This water is from standard consistency results should be taken.

2.         Used portable or drinking water for making cement paste.

3.      The paste will be checked in the way and under the conditions recommended in the assurance of consistency of standard cement paste.

4.          Now set the stop watch in start mode

5.     Fill the mould with the cement paste gauged as above the mould resting on a nonporous plate.

6.        The cement block thus prepared in the mould is the test block. Finally, fill the mould to top-level and the proper surface of mould should be prepared.

 

DETERMINATION OF INITIAL SETTING TIME:

1.        Spot the test blocks restricted in the mould and lay it on the non-permeable plate, under the bar bearing introductory setting needle, bring down the needle tenderly in contact with the outside of the test block and rapidly discharge, permitting it to infiltrate into the test block.

2.         In the beginning, the needle will completely pierce the test block.

3.        Rehash this technique until the needle, when acquired contact with the test block and delivered as depicted above, neglects to puncture the square to a guide 5 toward 7 mm estimated from the base of the form will be the underlying setting time.

 

DETERMINATION OF FINAL SETTING TIME:

1.       Supplant the needle of the Vicat Appartus by the needle with an annular attachment.

2.       The cement will be considered as at long last set when, after applying the needle delicately to the outside of the test block, the needle establishes a connection consequently, while the connection neglects to do as such.

3.         The time frame passed between when water is added to the cement and the time at which the needle establishes a connection with the outside of the test block while the connection neglects to do so will be the final setting time.

 

PRECAUTIONS:

 Clean machines will be utilized for checking. All the devices will be liberated from vibration during the test. The temperature of the water and that of the test room, at the hour of checking, will be 27 0C + 20 C. Care will be taken to keep the needle straight.

 

OBSERVATIONS:

Time in minutes :
Height in mm fails to penetrate

 

 

RESULT:      Initial setting time for the given sample of cement =

 

Final setting time for the given sample of cement =

 

 

 

COMMENTS:

 

CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

(IS: 269 - 1989 and IS: 4031 - 1988 (Part 4))

 

AIM:   To determine the quantity of water required to produce a cement paste of standard

 consistency.

 

APPARATUS:

Vicat apparatus (conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976) with plunger (10 mm in diameter) balance, weights, gauging trowel.

 

INTRODUCTION:

The consistency test is defined to find out the consistency that will allow penetrating plunger points from 5 mm to 7 mm from the lower level of Vicat mold. With the help of this test results, we can easily find the initial setting time, final setting time, soundness test, compressive strength test, that will you water required to mix with cement. This test is done with the help of the Vicat apparatus. This apparatus may be two types of manual and digital Vicat apparatus.

PROCEDURE:

 

1.         Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of cement (300 grams) with a weighed quantity of potable or distilled water, starting with 26% water of 300g of cement.

        Take a sample of cement weight 300 gm in a pan. by IS code we have to mix 25% water by weighing of cement we can use

2.         Take care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes, not more than 5 minutes and the gauging shall be completed before setting occurs.

3.         The gauging time shall be counted from the time of adding the water to the dry cement until commencing to fill the mould.

4.         Fill the Vicat mould with this paste, the mould resting upon a non porous plate.

5.         After completely filling the mould, trim off the surface of the paste, making it in level

with the top of the mould. The mould may slightly be shaken to expel the air.

6.         Place the test block with the mould, together with the non-porous resting plate, under the rod bearing the plunger (10mm diameter), lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the paste.

7.         This operation shall be carried out immediately after filling the mould.

8.      Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described above until the amount of water necessary for making the standard consistency as defined above is obtained.

9.         Express the amount of water as a percentage by weight of the dry cement.

 

PRECAUTIONS: 

Clean machines will be utilized for measuring. In filling the mould of the operator hands and the blade of the measuring gauge will alone be utilized. The temperature of cement, water and that of test room, when the above activities are being performed, will be 27 + 2C. For every reiteration of the analysis new cement is to be taken.

 

OBSERVATIONS:

S. No	Weight of cement  taken in gms (a)	Weight of water taken in gms (b)	Plunger penetration (mm)	Time Taken	Consistency of cement in % by weight b/a * 100
1.
2.
3.

 

RESULT: Normal consistency for the given sample of cement is =

 

 

COMMENTS:

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FINENESS TEST OF CEMENT

(IS: 269-1989 and IS: 4031-1988)

 

AIM:  To Find the fineness of the given sample of cement by sieving.

APPARATUS:

 IS-90 micron sieve conforming to IS: 460-1965, standard balance, weights, and brush.

INTRODUCTION:

The fineness of cement has a significant bearing on the rate of hydration and subsequently on the rate of the addition of strength and furthermore on the pace of advancement of hydration. Better cement offers a more prominent surface territory for hydration and henceforth the quicker and more noteworthy the advancement of solidarity. An increment in fineness of cement is additionally found to build the drying shrinkage of cement. The fineness of cement is tried either by sieving or by the assurance of Specific surface via air-penetrability mechanical assembly. Specific surface is the all-out surface region of the apparent multitude of particles in a single gram of cement

 

FINENESS BY SIEVING:

PROCEDURE:

1. Weigh precisely 100 g of concrete and place it on a standard 90 micron IS sieve

2. Separate any air-set lumps in the cement sample with fingers. 

3. Consistently sieve the sample giving circular and vertical movement for a time of 15 minutes. 

4. weigh the residue left on the sieve. According to IS code, the rate residue should not surpass 10%.

PRECAUTIONS:

Air set lumps in the cement sample are to be squashed utilizing fingers and not to be squeezed with the sieve Sieving will be finished holding the sieving in two hands and with delicate wrist movement. Pretty much constant revolution of the sieve will be completed all through sieving.

OBSERVATIONS: 

S. No	weight of sample taken(g)	weight of residue(g)	Fineness (%)
1.
2.
3.

 

The average fineness of cement =

RESULT: Fineness of the given sample of cement = 

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