Types of estimate

Plinth area rate, 

cubical content rate, 

preliminary, 

original, 

revised and supplementary estimates

What is an estimate or estimation in construction industry?

Estimate is a rough calculation on quantities of various works & their expenditure, done by the experts of the relevant field before the execution of a project. Accuracy of an estimate depends on the experience, ability and judgement power of the estimator.

An estimator should be very careful of the quantity takeoff, using the given documents such as drawings, specifications and other documents regarding the project. Other than these, every estimate should prepare with the consideration of other 2 factors, which influence a project namely, direct & indirect cost. (Direct cost – cost of materials, equipment, labour & subcontracted cost,    Indirect cost – overheads, contingency).

Approximate Estimate –

It is also called budget, preliminary estimate. This type of estimate is prepared in the initial stage of a project. To give a clear idea to the owner (client) about the amount of cost needed for the project and to get the approval from necessary sanctioning bodies (eg: from banks to get loan). Documents such as project drawing plans, details about the land including electricity & water supply and a full clear report are necessary to carry out the estimate. Commonly the approximate estimate is calculated with relevant to the previous experience.eg: To calculate the estimate for a house, a previously (& also recently) completed similar house will be considered. Here the estimator already knows the rate for 1m² area & with that he/she calculates the cost estimate for the newly proposed area (of similar house).

Approximate estimate = Rate of 1m² (already known value) X proposed area (m²)

Plinth Area Estimate –

 

Plinth area estimate can be achieved by multiplying the values of plinth length, plinth width & plinth area rate. Here the plinth area is referred as, external plinth area of the building at floor level. Simply it can be also stated as the roof covered area of a building. Plinth area rate is derived by dividing the total cost of a previously constructed building by plinth area of the previously constructed building.

Plinth area estimate = Plinth area X plinth area rate.

Plinth area = plinth length X plinth width

Plinth area rate = Total cost of a previously built building / Total plinth area of that building.

Cubic Content Estimate –

 

This type of estimate done by multiplying the volume of the building by the unit cubic rate achieved from the previously (also recent) estimate. This type of estimate is a little bit more accurate than above mentioned methods and mostly suitable for multi storied buildings. Here the cost of corbelling (corbel – a piece of stone, wood, brick, or other building material, projecting from the face of a wall and generally used to support a cornice or arch), cornice and other works like that are neglected.

Cubic content estimate = Volume of the building X unit cubic rate (known value)

volume of the building = plinth area (length X breadth of the proposed building) X height of the building  (floor to roof top)

unit cubic rate = total cost of the previously built building / total volume of that building.

Annual Repair Estimate And Special Repair Estimate –

The annual repair cost estimate is also called as annual maintenance estimate which is prepared to know the maintenance costs of the building which will keep the structure in safe condition. Whitewashing, painting, minor repairs, etc. are taken into consideration while preparing annual repair estimate for a building . These estimates are prepared in order to maintain the constructed element in good condition.  Works that attached when consider repair works, white washing, painting, plastering works, patching works & etc. Special repair estimate is prepared in situations where the costs of materials increased when compare to annual repair estimate cost.

Revised Estimate-

This estimate is prepared when the rate of previously submitted estimate increases by 5% or more than that. But here the reason for the preparation of estimate must have a strong & valid reason like sudden increase in cost of materials. The reason and comparative statement between 2 estimates should be annexed with the revised estimate.

Revised cost estimate is a detailed estimate and it is prepared when the original sanctioned estimate value is exceeded by 5% or more.

The increase may be due to sudden increase in cost of materials, cost of transportation etc. The reason behind the revision of estimate should be mentioned on the last page of revised estimate.

Supplementary Estimate –

This type of estimate is prepared when there is a necessary situation of supplementary work, to progress out the original work. The annexure of originally prepared estimate & supplementary estimated amount of the originally prepared estimate when submitting for requesting approve.

Supplementary cost estimate is a detailed estimate and it is prepared freshly when there is a requirement of additional works during the progress of original work. The estimate sheet should consists of cost of original estimate as well as the total cost of work including supplementary cost of work for which sanction is required.

Detailed Estimate-

Detail estimate is prepared with the help of complete set of contract documents. The preparation of detailed estimate can do under 2 phases such as work out with quantities of different works and calculate the cost of each work.

1) work out with quantities of different works – The whole construction work procedure is divided into categories such as excavation and earthwork, concrete work, formwork, reinforcement, masonry work, roof covering and roof plumbing, carpentry, painting and decorating, plumbing, electrical installation and etc.

The measurement takeoff procedure is done with the help of drawings/plans and then they are entered in measurement. Measurement sheet is a prescribed form which contains number of columns to enter the respective measurements and descriptions about the works. Finally the measurement columns are multiplied to get the necessary quantity.

2) Calculation of the cost of each work – The already obtained quantities are used to obtain the cost of each work. Calculated costs of each work item are summarized in order and that document is called as abstract sheet.

A detailed estimate should have documents such as report, specifications, drawings/plans, design charts and schedule of rates. Factors such as, material quantity, transportation of materials, location of site, labour charges, cost of equipment (commonly allowed:- 2% of the estimated cost), overhead charges (commonly allowed:- 2% of the estimated cost), contingencies & unforeseen (commonly allowed:- 4% of the estimated cost) items are needed to consider well while preparing the detailed estimate.

The detailed Estimated should consist following details and documents.

• Report
• General Specifications
• Detailed Specifications
• Drawings/plans – layout plans, elevation, sectional views, detailed drawings etc.
• Designs and calculations – In case of buildings design of foundations, beams, slab etc.
• Schedule of rates

 

 Purpose and Importance of Estimate

q  An estimate involves calculating the costs of construction work on the basis of probabilities.

q  Two activities are undertaken when carrying out a cost estimate:

q   Measurements: all measurements are approximate.

q   Pricings: the degree of approximation is even greater because of the difficulty in predicting all the probabilities of items such as labor productivity and site conditions.

q  Costs of construction work are classified as:

q  Materials costs.

q  Labor costs.

q  Equipment costs.

q  Overhead (general and job) costs.

q  Profit.

q  Data on all of these costs are required to develop or  prepare an estimate.

•       What is the Purpose of Estimating?

The purpose of estimating is to forecast (predict) the cost required to complete a construction project in accordance with the contract plans and specifications.

•       There are two distinct tasks in estimating:

Ø  To determine the probable real cost of the project.

Ø  To determine the probable real time to build the project.

What is the Role of the Estimator?

The estimator’s job is to prepare estimates of building project costs.

Ø  The success of a contractor’s business depends on the accuracy of these estimates.

Ø   The estimator’s success will be based on his previous experience and knowledge of the construction industry.

Ø  A contractor or estimator lacking this experience may over-, or under-estimates his project costs.

Ø  In either case, this could impact the success of his company:

Ø  If costs are too high, his jobs will be few and far between.

Ø   If costs are too low, he will not be able to stay in business.

Ø  All cost data is acquired from experience.  If an estimator does not have cost data from his own experience, he must use cost data from price books and handbooks.

Ø  The more valid data the estimator has available, the better he will be able to estimate the probabilities of costs.

Ø  1. Site location and accessibility.

Ø  2. Subsurface and soil conditions.

Ø  3. Time and season.

Ø  4. Climatic conditions.

Ø  5. Wage agreements.

Ø  6. Strikes.

Ø  7. Market prices of basic materials.

Ø  8. Availability of money.

Ø  9. The demand for construction.

What the Estimator Must Know (Skills)?

He must have a through knowledge of the building trades.

1.   This includes types of construction and methods of construction.

He must be able to read building plans and notes, and understand the specifications.

1. If he finds any discrepancies between the plans and specifications, he will bring them to the attention of the architect or owner for solution.
2.  When all the questions are answered and problems are solved, he can then prepare and finish the cost estimate.

Ø  He must have a thorough understanding of the building codes in the area where the building project is to be constructed.

Ø  He must have a thorough understanding of construction materials.

1. He must understand the sizes, strengths, and the capabilities of the materials with which he works.
2. He must be able to substitute equal quality materials when specified material are not available.
3. He must keep up with the development of new construction products and materials.
4.  To keep current, he should frequently visit trade shows and subscribe to building magazines.
5. He has to possess some basic mathematical ability.
6. He has to have at his fingertips reference materials, books, tables, and tabulating equipments to speed up his job.
7. In time he will acquire reference materials in the form of material catalogs, brochures, and manufacturer specification sheets for the product the uses.
8. Finally, he must project (forecast) labor cost changes.
9. The estimator must realize that labor costs may vary in different geographical areas of the country.
10. He must also realize and project in his estimates future increases in labor costs because of upcoming events.
11. Most estimates are made up of the following five parts:
12. 1. Materials: The estimator makes a take-off of all the different materials required on the project from the plans and specifications.
13. 2. Labor: The estimator estimates the hours needed to do the required work and then multiply by the appropriate wage.
14. 3. Equipment: The cost of equipment includes ownership or rental fees, moving to the job site, erecting, dismantling and operating.
15. 4. Overhead: There are two types of overheads:
16. 4a. General overhead: includes all costs that can not be directly charged to any particular project, such as the cost of office supplies, rent, travel expenses and salaries.
17. 4b. Job overhead: includes all costs which apply directly to the project and can not be charged to materials, labor, or equipment.
18. 5. Profit: Most estimators show the profit expected from a job as a percentage of the total estimated cost of the project. The profit varies from 6-15%.

Approximate profits usually expected are: Small projects 15%

•       Medium projects-  12%

•       Large projects-  10%

•       Very large projects 6-8%

Possible Sources of Errors in Estimates

1. Mistakes in material take-offs.

2. Errors in carrying forward material from quantity sheets to summary sheets and from there to direct cost sheets.

3. Mistakes in estimating the labor time required for certain items of work.

4. Errors in estimating hourly wages of labor.

5. Failure to allow for rising costs of materials.

6. Failure to allow for delays due to breakdown of machines and acts of God (e.g. earthquakes and storms).

7. Making no provisions to have estimates checked.

8. Insufficient allowance for overhead.

9. Omission of profit.

 

Top Construction company in Bhopal

 Top Construction Company in Bhopal for job

Agrawal Constructions

Sagar Group is one of the fastest growing business conglomerates of Central India contributing in Real Estate, Industry and Education sectors. It extends legacy of 38 years of trust to its customers to excel for a good life. Under the visionary leadership of its Founder & Chairman Mr Sudhir Kumar Agrawal, Sagar Group truly realises the vision of contributing to the most important needs of a person i.e. Roti (Nutriments), Kapda (Yarn & Clothing), Makaan (Real Estate) and Shiksha (Education). It came into existence in 1983 and is committed to be an integral part of the success story of Madhya Pradesh.

  https://www.agrawalbuilders.com/ 

2.      ECPL

Essarjee Constructions Private Limited (ECPL) is one of the leading construction company established in the city of Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), having been in the field for over 2 decades, we have established our own identity in this fast growing real estate industry and infrastructure housing. The board of the company consists of a seasoned team of professionals with expertise in real estate, infrastructure, finance and marketing.

http://www.essarjeeconstructions.com/

D.K. Constructions

For 25 years, D.K. Constructions has been successfully servicing the Bhopal real estate market.      Established in 1992, D.K. Constructions remains a strong leader in the industry as one of the most experienced real estate developers, having completed 15+ real estate projects.

http://www.dkconstructionsbhopal.com/

 RAJ HOMES

Raj Group commenced business in 1992 with Raj Homes as its flagship brand. What began in 1992 as a small builders with construction of flats later grown into a full-fledged real estate outfit getting into residential township, commercial complexes, business parks. The year 1997 – 98 raised a new landmark in the history of the brand with the commencing of its prestigious projects of Minaal Residency & Siddharth Lake City, one of the mega township of central India. The Group ascended to the legitimate status of Bhopal’s market leader. 

https://www.rajhomes.co/

 Nadir Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd

We at Nadir Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. believe in developing, designing, and constructing architects designed for the present with an awareness of the past for a future which is essentially unknown. For the last 5 decades, we at Nadir Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. are building the bridge of visual art for the buildings that speak for themselves.

https://nadirs.in/

6.      Vardhman constructions

We at Vardhman certainly believe in that. Our every single act of construction, right from the envisioning to the inauguration is customer-centric and vouched for perfection. On the course of 25-year-long glorious odyssey, we have consigned a great many premium duplexes and 2 & 3 BHK apartments to the townsmen of Bhopal.

https://www.vardhmanconstructions.com/

7.      Narmada infra

Narmada Electricals Licensed ‘A’ Class Contractor & Power Consultant of industries like Telecom, Banks, Government, Automobile, Hotels etc. Power house LT & HT system, Highway & Road HT, LT Line Shifting , Industrial power wiring & cabling, installation of power transformers, Industrial and domestic lighting .We are having all necessary statutory registrations.

http://narmadainfra.com/

 

8.      Dilip buildcon

Mr. Dilip Suryavanshi is Chairman & Managing Director at Dilip Buildcon Ltd. He has over 36 years of experience in the business of construction. He has been a Director of the Company since incorporation. Prior to the formation of the Company, he was a sole proprietor of Dilip Builders. He was also the President of the Madhya Pradesh Builders Association. Under his leadership, Company has achieved various millstones with focus on continuous innovation and relentless pursuit of growth and excellence, the company has set its sight on becoming the largest road-focused EPC player in the country and started pursuing bigger projects across the country. He holds a bachelor’s and postgraduate degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Jabalpur; is a first-generation industrialist.

https://www.dilipbuildcon.com/

9. Belief buildcon pvt. Ltd.

We have grown brick by brick while making many happy homes along the way.

The Belief Buildcon Pvt. Ltd group with its rich experience in building and construction industry for the past 14 years brings a whole new meaning to living & lifestyle. While striving to create happy homes, Belief Buildcon Pvt Ltd fulfills dreams of many to own a beautiful place, enriched with space, peace and the amenities of modern life.

http://www.belief.co.in/index.php

  Akriti Real Estate

It all started in the year 1996 when Aakriti started operations with various multi- storied constructions like the apartments 'Sarika', ' Sai Aakriti' and 'Anshul'. A tremendous response followed, making way for some more successful projects. Finally in 1997 ADPL or Aakriti Dwellings Private Ltd was incorporated. Today many landmark achievements are in the company's bouquet of which 'Aakriti Garden' and 'Aakriti Eco City' are the most mentioned projects.

 http://aakriti.com/index.php

Top construction company in Indore

 1.      BR GOYAL

Our Company was originally set as a partnership firm in 1986 in the name and style of M/s. Balkrishna Ramkaran Goyal. The partnership firm was founded by Mr. Balkrishna Goyal, Mr. Gopal Goyal and Mrs. Sarla Goyal and was subsequently converted into a private limited company in 2005. Our Company is engaged in the construction and development of infrastructure projects such as roads, highways and bridges since inception and has a well-established presence in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

Our business may be broadly divided into the following categories:

•  Civil construction services, including Engineering Procurement Construction (EPC) services.
•  Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) manufacturing.
•  Wind power generation.

Our Company seeks growth by investing in a variety of systematically identified businesses, making it a conglomerate with interest in a range of projects such as asphalting road construction, concrete road construction, buildings, bridges & culverts and all other civil works related to development of infrastructure.

We have successfully executed and are currently executing projects across various cities in Madhya Pradesh. After successful execution of various projects in Madhya Pradesh, we have now entered the state of Maharashtra and are currently executing a road construction project.”

https://brginfra.com/

2.      PATH INDIA

Prakash Asphalting’s & Toll Highways (India) limited is a leading construction company that boasts of an incredible track record within the transportation and infrastructural sector in Central India.

Founded in July, 1996 as a Limited Liability Company by Late Mr. Puneet Agrawal, Mr. Nitin Agrawal and Mrs. Santosh Agrawal. With a mere life of 18 years PATH, has risen to become one of the most trusted and sought after construction contractors.

http://www.pathltd.com/

3.      PRACHI INFRA

Prachi Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. is a team of young & energetic entrepreneurs engaged in construction of all kind of civil engineering works with excellent quality. We are specialist in constructing Intake Well, R.C.C. Overhead Tank, Water Filter Plants and Anicut, Electric Grid/Substation and Telecommunication Towers. We are situated in Indore, the industrial capital of Madhya Pradesh, exploring new heights and expanding our roots country wide. Prachi Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. was founded by a civil professional Mr. Rakesh Upadhyay in the year 2007.

http://www.prachiinfra.in/

4.      TREASURE FANTASY

Headquartered at Indore, Kalani Group is one of the oldest established business houses of Madhya Pradesh, possessing more than 7 decades of business history. Kalani group, over a period of time, has established its presence in diverse business areas including real estate development, manufacturing of packaging products, wind energy generation, herbal products, etc.

http://treasurefantasy.in/

5.      Karada construction

Karada Construction Company have been involved in road Construction and Infrastructure development from decades.

The company is well equiped with efficent and well qualified manpower along with moderb plant and machinery which unables timely complition of projects.

https://karadaconstructioncompany

6.      CCPL

Founded in 1986 as a construction company based at Indore, namely Capital Constructions Private Limited has successfully defined its objectives & positioned itself as one of the leading organizations in the construction industry.

http://www.ccplindia.co.in/

7.      Highway infrastructure

Company is continuously focusing on the operations, maintenance and development of our existing projects while seeking opportunities to expand our portfolio of projects. Our strategy is to continue to focus on strengthening our market position and developing and executing EPC projects in the roads and highways sector, while seeking opportunities to bid for additional projects. We intend to draw on our experience, effectively use our assets, market position and our ability to execute and manage multiple projects across geographies, to grow our project portfolio.

https://www.highwayinfrastructure.in/

8.      D&G Engineering & Consultancy & Construction

ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING MACHINE

Company M.D. : Divyansh Saxena (B.E., M.B.A)

Company CEO : Mr. Alok Saxena   [B.E . (Civil) , Mtech(Highway),PGDCA ,MCM.]

 we works on  all types of road testing machine like , Roughness test , BBD , SPT,  and also having some works like DPR , PMC (SQC) ,Traffic Sign Board ,etc

https://dg-engineeringconsultancy.business.site/

9.      AIDPL

Agroh Infrastructure Developers Pvt. Ltd is one of India’s leading
Infrastructure Development Company which has executed a number of complex projects through its vertically integrated approach.Our company was incorporated on 13th March 2001 and was the culmination of preceding 18 year track record of Mr. Shailendra Singhal. Our company is considered to be one of the most reputable, reliable and respected construction companies in India

http://agrohinfra.com/

10.  onessinfra

ONESS INFRA offers comprehensive services designed to allow complete construction solution. Some of our elite construction services are – Design Consultancy, Civil Construction, Project Management, Survey, Field & Lab Tests, Labor Management. 

https://www.onessinfra.com/

11.  Lord Construction

Lord Construction is a relatively new and advanced firm in the field of pre-construction and construction services. We have been creating spectacular projects in various parts of India and Asian subcontinent from past five years.

https://www.lordconstructions.com/

12.  somprojects

Since its inception in 1986, SOM Projects has maintained an extensive track record in large-scale as well as small-scale projects across India. For more than 30 years we have built a strong and loyal client base across both the public and private sectors.

https://www.somprojects.in/

 

 

 

Basic civil engineering and engineering mechanics exam questions

 Who invented Portland cement and in which year?

What is the meaning of the soundness of cement?

Which equipment is used to test the setting time of cement?

Wet cement can cause severe skin burns if not washed off with water immediately.

Which apparatus is used to test the hardness of stones?

What is the abbreviation of PPC?

What is the loading rate used in compressive strength test?

An offset is a _________ distance of an object measured from the survey line.

Gunter’s chain consists of _________ links.

. Chain surveying uses the principle of:

The resultant of two equal forces ‘P’ making an angle ‘θ’, is given by

If a number of forces are acting at a point, their resultant is given by

Coplanar non-concurrent forces are those forces which __________ at one point, but their lines of action lie on the same plane.

On a ladder resting on smooth ground and leaning against a vertical wall, the force of friction will be

What is the bending moment at the end supports of a simply supported beam?

 What is the maximum bending moment for a simply supported beam carrying a point load “W” kN at its centre?

 How do point loads and idle represent in SFD?

The process of finding out the resultant force is called __________ of forces.