MCQ on Research Ethics

 

Research Ethics

1. Ethics is the set of principles and guidelines that help us to uphold the things we value.

a. True

b. False

2. Which of the following is necessary in obtaining informed consent?

a.  A description of the statistical analyses that will be carried out

b.  A description of the purpose of the research

c.  A description of the reliability and validity of test instruments

d.  A list of publications that the researcher has had in the last ten years

3. Which of the following need(s) to be obtained when doing research with children?

a.   Informed consent from the parent or guardian

b.  Assent from the child if he or she is capable

c.  Informed consent from the child

d.  Both a and b

4. Which of the following is true about the use of deception in research?

a.  It should never be used 

b.  It can be used anytime

c.  If there is deception in a study, the participants may need to be debriefed

d.  The use of deception must be outweighed by other benefits of the study

e.  Both c and d are true

5. Which of the following generally cannot be done in qualitative studies conducted in the field?

a.  Getting informed consent

b.  Keeping participants from physical harm

c.  Maintaining consent forms

d.  Having full anonymity rather than just confidentiality 

6. What is the primary approach that is used by the IRB to assess the ethical acceptability of a research study?

a.  Utilitarianism

b.  Deontology

c.  Ethical skepticism

d.  Comparativeism

7. Which of the following approaches says that ethical issues should be judged on the basis of some universal code?

a. Deontological

b. Ethical scepticism

c. Utilitarianism

8 Which of the following is not an ethical guideline for conducting research with humans?

a. Getting informed consent of the participant

b. Telling participants they must continue until the study has been completed

c. Keeping participants’ identity anonymous

d. Telling participants they are free to withdraw at any time

9. Which of the three ethics approaches says research ethics should be a matter of the individual's conscience?

a. Deontological approach

b. Ethical scepticism

c. Utilitarianism

d. Ontological scepticism

10. ________ means that the participant's identity, although known to the researcher, is not revealed to anyone outside of the researcher and his or her staff.

a. Anonymity

b. Confidentiality

11. Which of the following is not true?

a. Misrepresenting and creating fraudulent data is dishonest

b. Misrepresenting data is very easy to detect

c. Misrepresenting data can be difficult to detect

d. Breaking confidentiality is not a problem

12. Ideally, the research participant's identity is not known to the researcher. This is called:

a. Anonymity

b. Confidentiality

c. Deception

d. Desensitizing

13. Which of the following approaches taken by people to resolve ethical issues is the primary approach used by the federal government and most professional organizations?

a. Deontological approach

b. Ethical scepticism

c. Utilitarianism

d. None of the above

14. What is it called when the participants are not revealed to anyone but researcher and staff?

a. Confidentiality

b. Anonymity

c. Ethics

d. Discretion

15. Research participants must give what before they can participate in a study?

a. Guidelines

b. A commitment

c. Informed consent

d. Private information

16. There are three basic approaches that people tend to adopt when considering ethical issues in research. Which one of the following is not one of the approaches?

a. Ethical scepticism

b. Deontology

c. Ontology

d. Utilitarianism

17. Identify the term that refers to a post-study interview in which all aspects of the study are revealed, reasons for the use of deception are given, and the participants’ questions are answered?

a. Desensitizing

b. Debriefing

c. Dehoaxing

d. Deploying

18. A set of principles to guide and assist researchers in deciding which goals are most important and in reconciling conflicting values when conducting research is called ____.

a. Research ethics

b. Deontological approach

c. Utilitarianism

d. None of the above

19. IRB is an acronym for which of the following?

a. Internal Review Board

b. Institutional Rating Board

c. Institutional Review Board

d. Internal Request Board

20. When it is necessary to engage in a good amount of deception to conduct a scientifically valid study, what procedure(s) should a researcher consider the following?

a. Debriefing

b. Dehoaxing

c. Desensitizing

d. All of the above should be considered

21. The act of publishing the same data and results in more than one journal or publication refers to which of the following professional issues:

a. Partial publication

b. Duplicate publication

c. Deception

d. Full publication

22. Concerning "authorship" in educational research, intellectual ownership is predominantly a function of:

a.       Effort expended

b.      Creative contribution

c.       Professional position

d.      Level of higher education

23. Which term refers to publishing several articles from the data collected in one large study?

a. Duplicate publication

b. Partial publication

c. Triplicate publication

d. None of these

24. Which of the following is the right of each participant according to the AERA?

a. Deception

b. Utilitarianism

c. Freedom to withdraw

d. Participants have no rights

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गिट्टी क्रशिंग मूल्य, AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE

AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE

IS: 2386 (Part IV) - 1963

AIM:

To determine the aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) - 1963.

APPARATUS:

i)          Cylindrical measure and plunger

ii)         Compression testing machine

iii)        IS Sieves of sizes - 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm.

i) बेलनाकार माप और सवार

ii)   Compression परीक्षण मशीन

iii) आईएस साइज़ के आकार Sieves  - 12.5 मिमी, 10 मिमी और 2.36 मिमी।

PROCEDURE:

i)       The aggregates passing through 12.5mm and retained on 10mm IS Sieve are oven-dried at a temperature of 100 to 110oC for 3 to 4hrs.

ii)       The cylinder of the apparatus is filled in 3 layers, each layer tamped with 25 strokes of a tamping rod.

iii)        The weight of aggregates is measured (Weight 'A').

iv)      The surface of the aggregates is then levelled and the plunger inserted. The apparatus is then placed in the compression testing machine and loaded at a uniform rate so as to achieve 40t load in 10 minutes. After this, the load is released.

v)         The sample is then sieved through a 2.36mm IS Sieve and the fraction passing through the sieve is weighed (Weight 'B').

vi)        Two tests should be conducted.

i) 12.5 मिमी से गुजरने वाले और 10 मिमी आईएस छलनी पर रखे गए समुच्चय 3 से 4hrs के लिए 100 से 110oC के तापमान पर ओवन-सूखे होते हैं।

ii) तंत्र के सिलेंडर को 3 परतों में भरा जाता है, प्रत्येक परत एक टैंपिंग रॉड के 25 स्ट्रोक के साथ टैंपर्ड होती है।

iii) समुच्चय का वजन मापा जाता है (वजन 'ए')।

iv) समुच्चय की सतह को समतल किया जाता है और प्लंजर डाला जाता है। तब उपकरण को संपीड़न परीक्षण मशीन में रखा जाता है और एक समान दर पर लोड किया जाता है ताकि 10 मिनट में 40t लोड प्राप्त किया जा सके। इसके बाद, लोड जारी किया जाता है।

v) नमूना फिर एक 2.36 मिमी आईएस छलनी के माध्यम से छलनी होता है और छलनी से गुजरने वाला अंश तौला जाता है (वजन '' ')।

vi) दो परीक्षण किए जाने चाहिए।

REPORTING OF RESULTS

Aggregate crushing value =  (B/A)  x 100%

The result should be recorded to the first decimal place and the mean of the two results reported.

RESULTS: 

गिट्टी प्रभाव मूल्य , AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963

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AIM:

To Determine the aggregate impact value of course aggregates as per IS:2386 (Part IV) – 1963.

IS: 2386 (भाग IV) - 1963 के अनुसार  impact value , course aggregates का निर्धारण करना।Apparatus

1.       Impact testing machine conforming to IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963.

2.       IS Sieves of sizes – 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm.

3.      A Cylindrical metal measure of 75mm dia. And 50mm depth.

4.      A tamping rod of 10mm circular cross-section and 230mm length, rounded at one end.

5.      Oven.

एमपैक्ट परीक्षण मशीन आईएस के अनुरूप है: 2386 (भाग IV) - 1963।

आकार के आईएस सिस - 12.5 मिमी, 10 मिमी और 2.36 मिमी।

75 मिमी व्यास का एक बेलनाकार धातु माप। और 50 मिमी गहराई।

10 मिमी परिपत्र क्रॉस-सेक्शन और 230 मिमी लंबाई की एक टैंपिंग रॉड, एक छोर पर गोल।

ओवन

 PREPARATION OF SAMPLE:

1)The test sample should conform to the following grading:

– Passing through 12.5mm IS Sieves      100%

– Retention on 10mm IS Sieves              100%

2 ) The sample should be oven-dried for 4hrs. at a temperature of 100 to 110º C and cooled.

3)The measure should be about one-third full with the prepared aggregates and tamped with 25 strokes of the tamping rod. A further similar quantity of aggregates should be added and a further tamping of 25 strokes given. The measure should finally be filled to overflow, tamped 25 times and the surplus aggregates struck off, using a tamping rod as a straight edge. The net weight of the aggregates in the measure should be determined to the nearest gram (Weight ‘A’).

नमूना की तैयारी:

1) परीक्षण नमूना निम्नलिखित ग्रेडिंग के अनुरूप होना चाहिए:

 12.5 मिमी से होकर गुजर रहा है 100%

- 10 मिमी पर प्रतिधारण 100% है

2) नमूना 4hrs के लिए ओवन-सूखे होना चाहिए। 100 से 110º C के तापमान पर और ठंडा किया जाता है।

3) माप तैयार किए गए समुच्चय के साथ लगभग एक तिहाई भरा होना चाहिए और टैंपिंग रॉड के 25 स्ट्रोक के साथ टक किया जाना चाहिए। समुच्चय की एक समान मात्रा को जोड़ा जाना चाहिए और दिए गए 25 स्ट्रोक के आगे टैंपींग करना चाहिए। माप को अंततः अतिप्रवाह के लिए भरा जाना चाहिए, 25 बार tamped और अधिशेष समुच्चय को सीधे किनारे के रूप में टैंपिंग रॉड का उपयोग करके बंद कर दिया जाना चाहिए। माप में कुलियों का शुद्ध वजन निकटतम ग्राम (वजन  ए ’) के लिए निर्धारित किया जाना चाहिए।

PROCEDURE: 

1)The cup of the impact testing machine should be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample placed in it and compacted by 25 strokes of the tamping rod.

2)The hammer should be raised to 380mm above the upper surface of the aggregates in the cup and allowed to fall freely onto the aggregates. The test should be subjected to a total of 15 such blows, each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second.

प्रक्रिया:

1) प्रभाव परीक्षण मशीन के कप को मशीन के आधार पर स्थिति में दृढ़ता से तय किया जाना चाहिए और इसमें रखे गए परीक्षण नमूने के पूरे और टैंपिंग रॉड के 25 स्ट्रोक द्वारा कॉम्पैक्ट किया जाना चाहिए।

2) हथौड़ा को कप में समुच्चय की ऊपरी सतह से 380 मिमी ऊपर उठाया जाना चाहिए और समुच्चय पर स्वतंत्र रूप से गिरने की अनुमति दी जानी चाहिए। परीक्षण में कुल 15 ऐसे वार होने चाहिए, जिनमें से प्रत्येक को एक सेकंड से कम समय के अंतराल पर वितरित किया जाए

REPORTING OF RESULTS:

1) The sample should be removed and sieved through a 2.36mm IS sieve. The fraction passing through should be weighed (Weight ‘B’). The fraction retained on the sieve should also be weighed (Weight ‘C’) and if the total weight (B+C) is less than the initial weight (A) by more than one gram, the result should be discarded and a fresh test is done.

2) The ratio of the weight of the fines formed to the total sample weight should be expressed as a percentage.

Aggregate impact value = (B/A) × 100%

    iii.            Two such tests should be carried out and the mean of the result should be reported.

परिणामों की रिपोर्ट:

नमूना हटा दिया जाना चाहिए और एक 2.36 मिमी छलनी के माध्यम से छलनी। गुजरने वाले अंश का वजन किया जाना चाहिए (वजन) बी ’)। छलनी पर रखा अंश भी तौला जाना चाहिए (वजन 'सी') और यदि कुल वजन (बी + सी) एक ग्राम से अधिक प्रारंभिक वजन (ए) से कम है, तो परिणाम को त्याग दिया जाना चाहिए और एक ताजा परीक्षण करना चाहिए। 

ii। कुल नमूना वजन के लिए गठित जुर्माना के वजन का अनुपात प्रतिशत के रूप में व्यक्त किया जाना चाहिए।

Aggregate impact value = (B/A) × 100%

    iii। इस तरह के दो परीक्षण किए जाने चाहिए और परिणाम का मतलब बताया जाना चाहिए। 

 RESULTS:

 

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गिट्टी घर्षणमान मूल्य , AGGREGATE ABRASION VALUE

 AGGREGATE ABRASION VALUE

IS: 2386 (part 4)-1963

AIM: 

To determine the abrasion value of coarse aggregate as per IS: 2386 (part 4)-1963.

APPARATUS:  

1.         Los Angles Abrasion Testing Machine.

2.         IS Sieve of size – 1.7mm.

3.       Abrasive charge – 12 nos. cast iron or steel spheres approximately 48mm dia. And each weighing b/w 390 and 445 gm ensuring that the total weight of charge is 5000 ± 25 gm.

4.         Oven.

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE:

The test sample should consist of clean aggreagte which has been dried in an aven  at 105 to 110 ºc to a substantially constant weight and should conform to one of the gradings shown in the table below:

GRADING OF TEST SAMPLES: 

Sieve size (square hole)		Weight in gm of test sample for grade
		A	B	C	D	E	F	G
Passing through(mm)	Retained on (mm)
80	63	-	-	-	-	2500*	-	-
63	50	-	-	-	-	2500*	-	-
50	40	-	-	-	-	5000*	5000*	-
40	25	1250	-	-	-	-	5000*	5000*
25	20	1250	-	-	-	-	-	5000*
20	12.5	1250	2500	-	-	-	-	-
12.5	10	1250	2500	-	-	-	-	-
10	6.3	-	-	2500	-	-	-	-
6.3	4.75	-	-	2500	-	-	-	-
4.75	2.36	-	-	-	5000	-	-	-

* tolerance of ±2% permitted

PROCEDURE:

The test sample and the abrasive charge should be placed in the Los angles abrasion testing machine and the machine rotated at a speed of 20 to 33 rpm for 1000 revolutions. At the completion of test, the material should be discharged and sieved through 1.70mm IS sieve

REPORTING OF RESULTS:

1.      The material coarser than 1.70mm IS sieve should be washed, dried in an oven at a temp. Of  100 to 110ºc to a constant weight (weight B).

2.      The proportion of loss b/w weight A and weight B of the test sample should be expressed as a % of the original weight the test sample. This value should be reported as , 

3.       Aggregate abrasion value = {(A-B)/A} X 100%

 RESULT:

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